16.8 Products Based on Solid-State Fermenter

255

Table 16.1

Bioreactors used for production of different products.

S.no.

Source of waste

Organisms used

Products formed

Bioreactors

1.

Pearl barley

Penicillium

brevicompactum

Mycophenolic acid

Packed-bed

2

Sugarcane bagasse

and soybean bran

Kluyveromyces

marxianus

Inulinase

Packed-bed

3

Press mud

Kluyveromyces

marxianus

Inulinase

Packed-bed

4

Polyurethane as

inert support

A. niger

Tannase

Packed-bed

5

Polyurethane as

inert support

A. niger

Inulinase

Fixed-bed

6

Palm kernel cake

A. flavus

Enzymes

Laterally aerated

moving bed

7

Wheat bran

Fungal cultures

Enzymes

Gas

double-dynamic

8

Sugarcane bagasse

A. niger

Enzymes

Counter-current

9

Sorghum stalk

Issatchenkia

orientalis

Ethanol

Deep-bed

10

Bagasse

Rhizopus oryzae

Enzymes

Tray sugarcane

11

Lemon peel pomace

A. niger

Pectinase

Tray with

vertical columns

12

Rice

A. oryzae, A. sojae

Koji

Tray

13

Rice

A. oryzae

Alpha-amylase

Modified tray

14

Rice

Trichoderma sp.

Fungal products

Tray

15

Seaweed

A. niger

Fucoidanase

Rotary drum

16

Apple pomace

A. niger

Citric acid

Rotary drum

17

Pine wood chips

and orange peel

Trametes hirsuta

Enzymes

Modular

Sources: Chang and Lin [26]; Méndez-Contreras et al. [30].

16.8.3

Organic Acids

Citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, and oxalic acids have been known to produce

in SSF. Citric acid is the generally important organic acid produced in tonnage

and is comprehensively used in food and pharmaceutical industries. It is produced

mainly by submerged fermentation using Aspergillus niger or Candida sp. from

diverse resources of carbohydrates, such as molasses and starch-based media.

However, producing by SSF using agro-industrial residues has great prospective.

Citric acid production from pineapple waste in diverse bioreactors was studied,

and lower yields were observed in tray and rotating drum modes. A multi-layer

packed-bed bioreactor showed enhanced mass transfer significantly compared to

a single-layer packed-bed controlled under comparable circumstances. Packed-bed